2.
   2023
/   
   : -
(   )
 : 3     :50
:     -    ,          
                
 -
1.      
   ?      
     
2.                 
               
 -
3. 
            ?       
      
4.     ?        ?
2.
 -
5.        '     
6.                   
'    
-
7. 
         ?    ,      
8.      ?         ?
2.
   2023
/   
   : -
(   )
 : 3     :50
:     -    ,          
                
 -
1.      
   ?      
     
:19
           -   , 
  ,  '   ,        
     -          
        ,       
   --       
󷋇󷋈󷋉󷋊󷋋󷋌      
   ?
          
       
 (18
-19
)            
    - , , ,    - 
      
              
 
 "" (  )    ,     
  
2.
    
 :
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔           ( ) 
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔         
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔        

  -       ,       
       (""     )     
   :
  +     =    
󷗿󷘀󷘁󷘂󷘃   (  )
   ,     ,        
      18
      ,    
     
 ,              
         :





 ,    '    , 
      
              
   
󹶪󹶫󹶬󹶭 /     ( )
                

      ,       
 
   
2.
󷄧󷄫    
           :
   
   
 
  
 
 
     
       -      
󷄧󷄬  
           -  :






          
󷄧󷄭    
      :
  
  
 
  
         
󷄧󷄮   
2.
      :



 
            
󷄰󷄯      
       :



 ' 
         
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔 :           - 
   -    
󺃓󺃔󺃕 /    (  )
          -    
󷄧󷄫     
     
  
 :
  
 
      :
  
   
2.
 
    :
  

 
      
󷄧󷄬     
      ,         :
   
 
   ,    -      
󷄧󷄭-     
  :
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔       
   ,           
  -    
󷄧󷄮     ( )
  -       ("")     
     
 :

  

     
2.
󷄰󷄯 
          :
   
 
   
  
   
 
󷄧󷄱   
      :
 
 '
  

          
󽇐      
     :
 
 
 
 
          
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼 /    
     '    
:
 18
-19
      
       
2.
         -   
        
 
             
󷄧󼿒
           
       
  -             
  ,          
           - , , 
    - '          
 
 ,     ,  ,       
  
2.                 
               
::          
19
   ,           
              - 
, ,         - '  
           ,   
,             
              
                
  ,     
 
       
1.        
           ,     
  '  
           , 
   
2.
    ,         , 
         
 :         ,    
        
2.        
 -      ,     , -
    
     ,       
     ,       

 :           ,      
       
3.           
       ,   ( ) 
   
            
  ,             
   ,    
4.      
     ,        
       ,  ,   
  '   
    -  ,       
        
5.     
    ,   ,     
       
           
               

      
6.      
2.
  ,        '   '

         '  ,    
   
           
,   () 
 ()     
    
1.         
o             
o             
       
2.    
o            
o     
 -        
3.  
o       '  ,     

o           
   
4.       

o       -      
'  ,       
o           

             
 - 
         ,    
,    ,      ,    
            
        ,      
          
2.
 -
3. 
            ?       
      
: 
     ,        ,
,        
       
        ,       
            
,    
       ,       -  60
         ,  2,000     
   
        
         ,        
     '  
󷋇󷋈󷋉󷋊󷋋󷋌      :         
          -  , 
-  
           -, 
   - , ,          , 
              
        ,    ,       
              

   ,    ,        
,           
     1930          
               
              
       ,     
  '   
󷗿󷘀󷘁󷘂󷘃          
          - 
 
2.
1.  - ,    
              
 
          
       
,   ,        
       , ,        
        
        
     
2.       
2.
         - , , , 
        ,       
 :
          
  '        
      
   
 ,          
3.      
2.
       ,        -
      ,       
  :
  
  
-   
               
       
4.         
      '      :



 
 
            ,      
         ,      
2.
5.      
              
    ,       ,       
     
 
      -   
 ,   
      
        
 :

 

  
6.    (    
)
         ,      '
             

  ,       
              
               
 
7.   
      '  ,    :
     
  
 

 
,               
,      
 
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼     '   
2.
          :
          
          
 ( 60   
    )
       
           
,            ,     
      
󷄧󼿒
             
   ,   ,   ,    
             
  
        
       ,  ,   ,
 ,             
,  
             
 
4.     ?        ?
:   
 - (1913–1941)            
              
               
  -   ,      ,   
      
      
 ,      
         ,   1930  
   ,            
    
    
2.
1.   
    ,         

     ,     
 
        ,     
 
 
2.    
    ,        
        
    -  , ,   -     
  
   :    ,  ,    
           
        
1.   -
   - ,          

 
       ,     

    
 
2.      
            
 ,  
,           
    
  ,       ,    
      
3. - 
     '   -    ,  
     
      
 
  , 
         
4.      
2.
    ( , , )     
 
                -  
 ,  
      
   
1.      
o  -  "    "   
o              
     
2.   
o             
o          
     
3.   '   
o       ,      
    
o       
     
4.        
o           
      
 
 -  28         ,     
,              
              
  
      ,         
      
 ,   ,      
        

 -       
    
        -    
                 
    
,          
  
2.
 -
5.              
: 
        ,       

                   '
   ,              
            
        ,         
            -     
 
    ?
  (1917–1988)             
               
              ,  
       
    - , ,  -         
       
,       
       
  
  ?
      ,        
  
 
  ,          ,   , 
             
 -
    
    :
           
   '   
 
  ,      
       "" 
,     
2.
          
            
1.        
  -         ,      
 -          
 
,     -       :
  
 
  
 
      ,           
    - ,     
         
2.      
     :
  
     
    
    ,          
   
 ,          :

 


        ,       

2.
3.      
               

   :
 
   
 
  
   ,            
    
           
4.      
              
           
   
 :


  
 
            
5.     
         
     
 
     :

2.


 
     
      ,     
     
 -     
 
    
     :
 
 
                    
  
     :
1.    
2.      
3.     
4.     '  
        
         
            
1.    
 :
  
   
 ,     '     
2.
2.         
  ,       '        
        
3.       
        ,        
    
4.      '  
    ',      :
    
   
     
   
 
           ,   :
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔"      "
     :
  
  
   
   
   
         
 -  
        

              
      ,        
2.
  
        
  
  ,           
              ,  
     
         
             
   
6.                   
'    
::      
                 
                   
    ,      -    
             

       '      
       -          
     ,          ,
          '  
  
1.    
o            
,          
o         ,   
   
2.    
o           

o   ,       
  
3.  -  
o     '          ,
     
 
2.
o           

  
1.    , 
 (1980   )
      
           ,  
    
 
   '      20
    
     
:             
 
2.  , 

        ,     
  
          

 
3.         
          
  
     ,      
4.      
          
           

    
1.    
o              

          
   
2.  
o           '
        '  
 
2.
3.    
o     ,       
            
4.    
o    
    
 ,
     
 
 
               
   
,               
 
       
 -  ,  
    
 ,             
              
   ,      '     


         
    
                
      -     - ,
   
 ,         
      
,  ,     
-
7. 
         ?    ,      
:1.      
""               
 
            
 
()   

     ,        -
           
     :
2.
 
   
  
  
  
        
   ,  
  ,       ,      
       
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:           ,   ,
       -            
()      
                
           
 
     :
" "  (       )
  ()
     
   
  '    
     
               
       
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:          
     
      
()     
    
        
:
 

    
2.
    
      
 -       - 
  
2.           
   (  )         
     ,           
         
 :
()  
    ,   -  (- )   
           
() 
   -    ,  :
   
 (   )

 ()
 
 ,          ,   19
   
          
() 
         ,       :
 
  
2.
        -      
   
()   
               
 
3.       
 
        -  , ,   
            
 
(a) ,    
        ,         
     
  :



     
   
()   
    ,    
:
 
 
 
- 
  '     
       '  
        
 
2.
(c)       
               
  (     )
     :



(d)   
   
 :
  
   
  ,            
(e) +  
    
  
 :
 ( )
  
 
             
     
     
:
     
      
 
     
       
2.
        
            
  

           19
    
  -            
 ,            
             ,     
         ,    ,
         
8.      ?         ?
:    
 ( )     16
        
              -  
      ,         
        
        
,   -  
  
 ,     (18
   - 19
   )   
-            
             
     
  
 ,      "" 
  ,    
        ,     
            
      
     ,           
 :
2.
  :  -,   ,   

 
   :22-        , 
   
 : ,      ,       
-   :-         
         
  ',       ( ""   ) '  
'   
:
1.   :             
           
2.  :            
     
3.     :    
 ,     
   ,         
 
4.  :          '   ,
         
 ,       ,        '
                 
        
 
         |
  :           ',    
     
 :              
 :            ,  
     

    :     16
     , 
               
 
   :    '     '    ,
               
2.
 ,      
 -      
          ,        ,
          
 
"                 
 
          ,         
 "